Agile User Story: Definition and Best 3 Examples of 2024

User stories have become the de facto “standard” artifact that agile teams use to capture and validate the intended scope of a software solution. Yet despite (or maybe because of) their ubiquity, many teams still approach User stories from a very traditional lens, and fail to capture the value of the practice, something I call Story Driven Delivery. But ‘What Is an Agile User Story?’

Agile user stories done well are a simple yet powerful means to capture a description of a software feature from an end-user perspective. They help teams focus on delivering value to their users by defining what users need or want and why.  They serve as a focal point for collaboration across the entire team and provide just enough detail to encourage team members to have the right level of conversation at the right time.

In this article, we'll demystify the concept of agile user stories, discussing their significance and how they serve as a building block for successful software projects. Whether you're a beginner or seasoned developer, a delivery lead, or simply curious about the inner workings of software development, understanding user stories is a step toward mastering the art of creating solutions that meet and exceed user expectations.

What Is an Agile User Story?

User stories serve as a pivotal tool in reshaping how organizations approach product development in today's fast-paced and crowded markets. Today's agile environment demands speed, growth, innovation, and a keen emphasis on customer learning. The Agile philosophy addresses these needs by advocating for the creation of value through smaller increments of scope that can be continuously delivered and validated.

This approach helps manage the complexities and dependencies associated with big projects and releases, prioritizing delivering smaller, more immediate features to the market. User stories embody this philosophy through a semi-formal narrative structure that articulates solution functionality in small increments of value. Unlike traditional requirements, stories are worked on by the entire cross-functional team; Stories are a unit of scope, a unit of solution value/behavior, a unit of planning, a unit of testing, and most of all, a unit of storytelling. The entire team owns and collaborates on user stories.

The action-oriented nature of stories emphasizes interactions between users and systems, focusing on how the system should respond to user actions rather than on the technical aspects of development tasks. The essence of telling a compelling user story lies in its ability to communicate user goals, activities, and tasks in a manner that prioritizes user interactions and observable system behavior. This contrasts with traditional approaches that may dwell on system internals or the specific tasks required to build a system. By concentrating on user interactions, stories facilitate a better understanding of the user's needs and how the system can meet those needs effectively. Adopting user stories encourages teams to adopt a user-centric perspective, focusing on delivering functionality that provides real value to users.

This shift towards prioritizing user interactions and system responses, as observed by users, represents a significant move away from conventional product development practices. It emphasizes the importance of understanding user behavior and designing solutions that cater directly to user needs, thus aligning product development efforts with the overarching goals of agility and customer satisfaction​​.

The Power of User Story Mapping in Agile

Story Mapping in Agile is a highly collaborative practice designed to iteratively identify and define the scope and priority of future state system behavior. This technique enables teams to systematically decompose an initiative into smaller, recognizable units of business value, known as stories. It fosters collaboration and provides just enough structure to focus conversations and accelerate understanding. By arranging stories in a two-dimensional map, story mapping creates a sequential narrative from left to right, prioritizing top to bottom.

This results in a highly visible, shareable representation of the product's end-to-end scope, making it an accessible place for discussions that set and share context. The practice inherently supports iterative delivery and product decomposition by mapping user goals to business objectives and actions to tangible system behaviors, ensuring that each story contributes to major user categories, objectives, and tangible sequential events that deliver real business value.

What Are the Core Elements of User Story Mapping?

The core elements of user story mapping can be:

• Personas

Identify the major categories of users that gain value from using the system. Understanding personas is crucial as it grounds the story map in real user needs and behaviours.

• Epics

These are broad objectives tied to tangible business outcomes and value. Epics help in categorizing user stories into larger, cohesive groups that deliver significant value.

• Features

Represent smaller concrete units of business value with the smallest delivery increment. Besides, features break epics into more manageable pieces, typically taking several business days to deliver.

• User Stories

The building blocks of Agile delivery capture small increments of system behavior visible to users. They are prioritized and ordered vertically on the map to reflect their importance and sequence.

• Market Increments

Represent the next unit of scope to be delivered. They cut across the story map, encompassing stories from multiple epics and features. This approach allows teams to visualize and prioritize work that delivers cohesive value to the market, teams can focus on releasing features that together enhance the product in a meaningful way, addressing user needs comprehensively and effectively.

What are the User stories purposes?

User stories describe solution functionality in small increments of value from the perspective of an end user. They help teams decompose larger scope into manageable units of work that deliver business value incrementally, addressing the complexity and dependencies typical of big releases.

User stories are crafted by the entire team and serve as a mechanism to facilitate collaboration towards development efforts that align towards user needs and experiences, facilitating a more user-centric development process​​.

‍What Are the Principles of Story Mapping? These principles guide teams in creating a visual representation of the product journey, prioritizing work, and ensuring that the development process is aligned with user needs and business objectives.

Here are the core principles highlighted:

1. Outline User and System Behavior, Not Tasks

Focus the story map on describing the behaviors users and systems will exhibit rather than breaking down the work into a list of tasks. This approach emphasizes the outcomes and interactions that are important to users and stakeholders.

2. Behavior-Driven Descriptions

Encourage the description of stories regarding the behavior the system will exhibit once a story has been implemented. This makes the map a tool for visualizing how the product will work and how users will interact with it.

3. Testable Increments of Functionality

Use the story map to delineate testable increments of functionality. This principle ensures that the story map is a planning tool for delivering work that can be tested and validated against user expectations.

4. Prioritize Based on User Impact

Arrange stories in the map to reflect their priority, focusing on delivering the most value to users as early as possible. This often means delivering a minimal viable product (MVP) that can be expanded upon with additional features over time.

5. System Stories Alongside User Stories

Define system stories to outline the required behavior for information flow across systems, treating systems almost like users. This ensures that back-office and system-to-system interactions are considered in the user journey.

6. Fine-Grained and Valuable Stories

Balance the need for stories to be fine-grained enough to be manageable and detailed enough to deliver value. Stories should be broken down to a size that can be delivered within a reasonable timeframe, typically within a sprint.

7. Business Language and Specificity

Ground the map in specific business language, ensuring that business experts and stakeholders can understand it. This makes the story map a communication tool that bridges the gap between technical teams and business stakeholders.

Tips for Writing Good User Stories

Writing good stories is all about a reasonable flow for a story driven development approach could be as follows:

Idea Shaping

When shaping an idea, the focus is on defining the initiative through a broad understanding of the project's scope and objectives. This involves identifying users and their problems, solution features that address those problems, and tying those features to value, cost, and effort. An initial, incomplete, and rough story map is often used to collaboratively assemble this view.

Other agile artifacts like the Opportunity Canvas, Uncertainty Kanban, and Impact Map can also be leveraged to aid in capturing user-oriented assumptions, defining marketable increments, and ensuring a shared understanding among stakeholders, aligning on the initiative’s direction before moving into more detailed discovery and delivery phases.

Discovery

During discovery, Stories and in particular, Story Mapping plays a crucial role. It is a collaborative effort that iteratively defines the scope and sets the priority for the future behavior of the system, breaking down the initiative into smaller, manageable units of business value—user stories. These stories are then organized into a map that outlines a narrative flow and helps prioritize the work based on its importance and impact.

During this phase, teams also focus on refining and prioritizing marketable increments of value. These increments are carefully selected to ensure they are aligned with business goals, small enough to be quickly delivered and validated, yet substantial enough to provide significant learning and value. This systematic approach ensures that the development efforts are focused on delivering tangible outcomes that directly contribute to the project's objectives.

A key aspect of discovery is that you only identify the stories required for the next marketable increment or two. You avoid completing the entire map. You also don’t go into the details of every story. The idea here is to lay out enough understanding to understand what the next couple of weeks or months of work will look like and no more.

Exploration

The Story Exploration phase aims to deepen the team's collective understanding of user stories, ensuring all aspects of delivery for the upcoming sprint(s) are well-defined and agreed upon. This involves refining stories within a feature or thin slice, ensuring each story has clearly defined acceptance criteria, and addressing key risks, unknowns, or assumptions. Activities include collaborative sessions where Business Analysts, Product Designers, and Technical teams define and refine acceptance criteria, explore and mitigate risks, and prepare stories for delivery.

Various practices like the Planning Game, Architecture Modeling, Domain Driven Design, etc support these activities, enhancing clarity and shared understanding. A critical part of this phase is the detailed narrative construction around user and system interactions within stories. Behavioral acceptance criteria are crafted to specify outcomes from user actions or system triggers, following a "When [trigger], then [reaction]" format.

‍Domain-oriented acceptance criteria detail structural or compositional concepts, focusing on information relationships and rules. The exploration sessions aim to produce a cohesive set of stories that are technically feasible and aligned with user needs and business goals. This detailed, iterative approach ensures that by the end of the Story Exploration phase, the team is ready to move forward with a clear, actionable plan for the next set of features to be developed.

Delivery

During delivery we can refine story acceptance criteria into testable scenario. In stead of creating tests and test cases in a separate artefact, we expand on stories in  a way that they become test cases .Spec by Example is practice that provides a structured approach for capturing and communicating complex system behaviors through simple, structured examples.

Using this technique you extend acceptance criteria defined during Exploration with real-world scenarios, expectations and examples. By making every story tangible, and testable we address the common challenge of interpreting complex requirements, as humans tend to understand concepts better when they can see them in action. Stories defined using Spec By example go a long way toward making them suitable for automated testing.

This ensures that the documentation of business rules is always current and aligned with the actual system behavior​​. If they aren't tests will tell you so immediately. The specification process involves detailing stories, in small batches of only a couple at a time, extending previously written acceptance criteria into multi-step scenarios. These scenarios are enriched with concrete examples, forming a comprehensive test suite that captures various test cases.

Developers create test fixtures with BDD tools like Cucumber, writing code until all tests pass. This cycle concludes with a final verification and manual testing by Business Analysts or Quality Control, ensuring that the developed feature accurately meets the specified criteria. This meticulous approach to story development is not for everyone, but when used can not only enhance team understanding and communication but also significantly improve the efficiency and quality of the team’s delivery.

Agile User Story Best Practices

When using a story-driven approach, consider these best practices.

• Work Collaboratively: Emphasize teamwork across all roles to ensure a shared understanding and collective responsibility in story development and delivery.
• Be Action-Oriented: Craft stories with a clear verb-noun structure, focusing on specific actions to drive forward momentum and clarity in execution.
• Multiple Levels of Detail: Manage work by breaking it down into hierarchical levels, from high-level epics to detailed user stories, allowing for better organization and visualization of tasks at varying degrees of detail.
• Scatter-Aggregate: Apply this pattern to decompose large objectives into smaller, manageable stories (scatter), then aggregate these into cohesive increments or epics for delivery, optimizing for learning and adaptability.
• Explore & Extrapolate: Engage in thoroughly exploring stories within a feature to understand all aspects fully, and use extrapolation to estimate and plan for unseen complexities or additional work.
• Split and Count: Break down stories or features into smaller, more manageable pieces to facilitate easier estimation and planning, leveraging count for throughput and capacity planning.
• Plan Using Throughput and Story Numbers: Utilize historical throughput data and the number of stories within epics or increments for more accurate planning and forecasting.
• Prioritize Starting with the Spine: Focus on the core functionalities or stories first (the "spine") and then work outward, ensuring that the most critical aspects of the product are delivered first.
• Narrative is More Important Than Writing: Prioritize the storytelling aspect of user stories, focusing on the narrative to convey the value and context more effectively than mere documentation.
• Small, Testable, Behavioral Focus: Ensure stories are concise, centered on behavioral changes, and easily testable to facilitate quick feedback loops and validation.
• Acceptance Criteria "Pass the Ball": Design acceptance criteria to illustrate the interaction between system and user or system components, akin to passing the ball in a team sport, to ensure seamless transitions and integrations.

What Is the User Story Format in Agile?

The format of a user story changes based on where a story is in the story delivery lifecycle. Stories are progressively refined over time, with more detail being added the closer they are to being delivered.

1. Shaping and Discovery

Shaping and Discovery focus on understanding the broad feature set and breaking it down into actionable items. For example, " Internal Operations-> Store an image" could be a high-level user story capturing the essence of what needs to be developed without getting into the details.

2. Exploration

As we dive deeper, stories become more detailed, specifying the desired outcomes and the conditions under which they are met. A combination of behavioral and domain oriented acceptance criteria can be used. For instance:

‍Title: Store an Image

‍User: Internal Operations

‍3. Acceptance Criteria:

• (A) When the daily transaction cycle is complete, then the system retrieves all transactions for the last days Interac.
• (B) When the system successfully retrieves the daily transactions from Interact, then the system retrieves internal transactions from the internal transaction logs, and the system compares the two transaction records.
• (C) When discrepancies are found, then the system creates a report that contains entries for each discrepancy and alerts User ABC.
• (D) Each discrepancy entry includes both transactions as well as the discrepancy descriptor.

4. Delivery:

‍The delivery involves the specification development, testing, and implementation of the story, ensuring all acceptance criteria are met. Stories are extended to support testability.

Store an Image:

‍Basic Flow

Given

• A staff user is logged into the LMS with scanning privileges.
• And that user initiates a scan of an image named "TeamPhoto.jpg" on the date "2023-10-05" using the scanner "ScannerModelX."

When

• The LMS processes the image scan.

Then

• The system validates the scan for completeness, including all required metadata: date, image name, and scanner model.
• And  the system formats the payload as specified:

{"imageName": "TeamPhoto.jpg"

"scanDate": "2023-10-05"

"scannerModel": "ScannerModelX"}

• The system then sends the formatted payload to the Storage Microservice.

Invalid Flow

• When the scan or metadata is invalid or missing,
• Then the system sends an error message back to the user: "Image Scan Unsuccessful - Missing Metadata"
• And the System logs the incident for review.

What Are the 3 C's of User Story in Agile?

The 3 C's of user stories in Agile—Card, Conversation, and Confirmation—provide a framework for encapsulating requirements in a compact, understandable, and testable format. In addition, this concept is fundamental in guiding the creation and communication of Agile user stories, ensuring they deliver value through a collaborative and iterative process.

1. Card

The Card represents the physical or digital record of the user's story. It's typically concise and captures the essence of a requirement in a format that's easy to understand and share. Plus, the card serves as a tangible reminder of the feature or functionality to be developed, acting as a placeholder for more detailed discussions. It encapsulates the user's need in a simple format, often following the template: ‘[User] [Verb][Noun].’ This ensures that Agile user stories remain focused on describing increments of testable behavior.

2. Conversation

The ‘Conversation’ is where the real value of the user story unfolds. It involves ongoing dialogue among team members, stakeholders, and users to flesh out the details of the user story captured on the card. This conversation is crucial for uncovering the underlying needs, exploring potential solutions, and ensuring a shared understanding of what will be built. Through these discussions, the team gains insights into the user's perspective, the feature's context, and the success criteria.

3. Confirmation

The ‘Confirmation’ refers to the acceptance criteria associated with the user story. These criteria are agreed upon during the conversation phase and define what must be true for the story to be complete. Moreover, they provide a clear, testable checklist that guides development and testing efforts, ensuring the implemented feature meets the user's needs and the team's quality standards. Confirmation ensures a shared definition of ‘done’ for the user story, facilitating effective validation and feedback. Integrating the 3 C’s of user stories in Agile, creating and managing user stories in Agile emphasizes the importance of clarity, collaboration, and customer focus. By starting with a card, engaging in meaningful conversation, and confirming with clear acceptance criteria, teams can make sure that they are consistently delivering value to the user.

Who Is the Writer of User Stories in Agile?

In Agile, the responsibility for writing user stories can extend across various roles within the team, reflecting a collaborative and inclusive approach to project development. This approach aligns with our perspective in Agile by design, emphasizing the importance of shared understanding and collective ownership of the project goals and requirements. Here’s how different roles contribute to the creation of Agile user stories:

Product Owner

The owner of the product plays a crucial role in creating Agile user stories. They are primarily responsible for defining the vision and requirements of the product, often drafting the initial user stories to reflect the needs and values of the users. The Product Owner prioritizes these stories to ensure the team first works on the most valuable features.

Team Members (Developers, Designers, Testers)

Agile team members, including developers, designers, and especially testers, contribute to the formulation and refinement of user stories. Through collaborative sessions like backlog grooming or story mapping, team members can offer insights into technical feasibility, design considerations, and testing strategies. This collaborative effort ensures that stories are well-rounded, technically viable, and clearly understood by all.

‍Related Article: What Is An Agile Coach?

Analysts and Stakeholders

Analysts can help translate complex business requirements into user stories that are clear and actionable for the development team. Stakeholders, on the other hand, can provide additional context and clarification to ensure that the stories align with the broader business objectives and user needs.

Scrum Master

While not directly responsible for writing user stories, the Scrum Master facilitates the processes that help teams effectively define and refine their stories. They ensure that the team has the time, space, and tools needed for effective story-writing sessions and encourage practice enhancing clarity, such as INVEST criteria.

Collaborative Effort

It’s really important to clarify that these are guidelines writing Agile user stories is above all a team effort. It is seen as a collective endeavor that benefits from diverse perspectives. Additionally, the process involves continuous iteration and feedback, with stories being refined as new information emerges or as the team’s understanding of the user needs evolves. By involving various roles in the writing of Agile user stories, teams can ensure that the features developed are closely aligned with user needs, technically feasible, and contribute to the overall strategic goals of the project.

Conclusion

In wrapping up our exploration of Agile user stories, including their examples, mapping, and the critical three C's (Card, Conversation, Confirmation), we've ventured through a landscape that intertwines the simplicity of user needs with the complexity of delivering tangible value. Actually, this journey has not just been about the mechanics of writing stories or the methodologies of organizing them; it's been a deep dive into the philosophy that drives Agile at its core—delivering value efficiently and empathetically. Our mindset at Agile By Design pushes us beyond conventional boundaries, urging us to see user stories not as mere tickets to be checked off but as narratives that guide us toward understanding and meeting user needs in the most effective way possible.

Furthermore, our examples show how user stories capture essential needs through mapping, how they're organized to reflect the journey towards fulfilling those needs, and through the three C's in use, how they foster communication, clarity, and confirmation throughout the Agile process. Remember that Agile user stories' true power lies not in their format or structure but in their ability to connect us more closely to the people we're aiming to serve. They encourage us to think creatively, collaborate more deeply, and continually adapt to ensure that what we're building resonates with real human experiences. So, let's carry forward the insight that every user story, mapped out or meticulously detailed, is a step towards a more Agile, responsive, and ultimately human-centered way of creating value.